The association of sleep duration and leukocyte telomere length in middle-aged and young-old adults: A cross-sectional study of UK Biobank.

BACKGROUND: The relationships between sleep duration and aging-associated diseases are intricate. Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is a biomarker of aging, while the association of sleep duration and LTL is unclear. METHODS: The 310,091 study participants from UK Biobank were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Restricted cubic splines (RCS) analysis was firstly performed to assess the nonlinear relationship between sleep duration and LTL. Sleep duration was then categorized into three groups: <7 h (short sleep duration), 7-8 h (reference group), and >8 h (long sleep duration) and multiple linear regression was applied to analyze the association of short sleep and long sleep duration with LTL. We further performed subgroup analyses stratified by sex, age, chronotype and snoring. RESULTS: RCS showed an inverted J-shaped relationship between sleep duration and LTL. Compared with the reference group, the inverse association of long sleep duration and LTL was statistically significant in fully-adjusted model (P = 0.001). Subgroup analyses showed that this association was more apparent in people over 50 years (51-60 y: P = 0.002; >60 y: P = 0.005), in men (P = 0.022), and in people preferred evening chronotype (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Compared with participants sleeping 7-8 h, those sleep longer than 8 h had shorter LTL in middle-aged and young-old adults. The negative association between long sleep duration and LTL was more apparent in older people, in men, and in people preferred evening chronotype.

A Diffusive Artificial Synapse Based on Charged Metal Nanoparticles.

We show that a diffusive memristor with analogue switching characteristics can be achieved in a layer of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized with charged self-assembled monolayers (deprotonated 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid). The nanoparticle core and the anchored stationary charges are jammed within the layer while the mobile counterions [N(CH3)4+] can respond to the electric field and spontaneously diffuse back to the initial positions upon removal of the field. This metal nanoparticle device is set-step free, energy consumption efficient, mechanically flexible, and analogous to bio-Ca2+ dynamics and has tunable conductance modulation capabilities at the counterion concentrations. The gradual resistive switching behavior enables us to implement several important synaptic functions such as potentiation/depression, spike voltage-dependent plasticity, spike duration-dependent plasticity, spike frequency-dependent plasticity, and paired-pulse facilitation. Finally, on the basis of the paired-pulse facilitation characteristics, the metal nanoparticle diffusive artificial synapse is used for edge extraction with exhibits excellent performance.

Hierarchical porous carbon aerogels as a versatile electrode material for high-stability supercapacitors.

Supercapacitors (SCs), as new energy storage devices with low cost and high performance, urgently require an electrode material with good pore structure and developed graphitization. Herein, we report a 3D hierarchical porous structured carbon aerogel (CA) obtained via dissolving-gelling and a subsequent carbonizing process. The gelling process was realized by using different types of anti-solvents. The carbon aerogel-acetic acid (CA-AA) has a specific surface area of 616.97 m2 g-1 and a specific capacitance of 138 F g-1 which is superior to cellulose-based active carbon. The CA was assembled into a SC, which showed excellent cycle stability. After charging and discharging 5000 times at the current density of 1 A g-1, the capacitance retention ratio of CA-AA reaches 102%. In addition, CA-AA has an energy density of 10.06 W h kg-1 when the power density is 181.06 W kg-1. It provides a choice for non-activation to effectively regulate the porous structure of biomass carbon materials.

Achieving efficient almost CO-free hydrogen production from methanol steam reforming on Cu modified α-MoC.

Methanol, serving as a hydrogen carrier, is utilized for hydrogen production through steam reforming, a promising technology for on-vehicle hydrogen applications. Despite the impressive performance of noble-metal catalysts in hydrogen generation, the development of highly efficient non-noble-metal heterogeneous catalysts remains a formidable challenge. In our investigation, we systematically controlled the influence of the MoC phase on the dispersion of active copper metal to enhance the catalytic performance of methanol steam reforming (MSR). Within the Cu/MoC catalyst systems, featuring MoC phases including α-MoC1-x and Mo2C phases, alongside MoO2 phases, the Cu/α-MoC catalyst exhibited exceptional catalytic efficacy at 350 °C. It achieved a remarkable hydrogen selectivity of up to 80% and an outstanding CO selectivity of 0. Notably, its hydrogen production rate reached 44.07 mmol gcat-1 h-1, surpassing that of Cu/Mo2C (37.05 mmol gcat-1 h-1), Cu/MoO2 (19.02 mmol gcat-1 h-1), and commercial CuZnAl (38 mmol gcat-1 h-1) catalysts. Additionally, we introduced the concept of the (Cu1-Cun)/α-MoC catalyst, wherein Cu atoms are immobilized on the α-MoC surface, facilitating the coexistence of isolated Cu atoms (Cu1) and subnanometer copper cluster (Cun) species at a high dispersibility. This innovative design capitalizes on the robust interaction between the α-MoC1-x phase and the Cu active center, yielding a substantial augmentation in the catalytic activity.

Characterization of the bispecific VHH antibody gefurulimab (ALXN1720) targeting complement component 5, and designed for low volume subcutaneous administration.

The bispecific antibody gefurulimab (also known as ALXN1720) was developed to provide patients with a subcutaneous treatment option for chronic disorders involving activation of the terminal complement pathway. Gefurulimab blocks the enzymatic cleavage of complement component 5 (C5) into the biologically active C5a and C5b fragments, which triggers activation of the terminal complement cascade. Heavy-chain variable region antigen-binding fragment (VHH) antibodies targeting C5 and human serum albumin (HSA) were isolated from llama immune-based libraries and humanized. Gefurulimab comprises an N-terminal albumin-binding VHH connected to a C-terminal C5-binding VHH via a flexible linker. The purified bispecific VHH antibody has the expected exact size by mass spectrometry and can be formulated at greater than 100 mg/mL. Gefurulimab binds tightly to human C5 and HSA with dissociation rate constants at pH 7.4 of 54 pM and 0.9 nM, respectively, and cross-reacts with C5 and serum albumin from cynomolgus monkeys. Gefurulimab can associate with C5 and albumin simultaneously, and potently inhibits the terminal complement activity from human serum initiated by any of the three complement pathways in Wieslab assays. Electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography revealed that the isolated C5-binding VHH recognizes the macroglobulin (MG) 4 and MG5 domains of the antigen and thereby is suggested to sterically prevent C5 binding to its activating convertase. Gefurulimab also inhibits complement activity supported by the rare C5 allelic variant featuring an R885H substitution in the MG7 domain. Taken together, these data suggest that gefurulimab may be a promising candidate for the potential treatment of complement-mediated disorders.

HSF1 protects cells from cadmium toxicity by governing proteome integrity.

BACKGROUND: Cadmium toxicity has been associated with disruption of protein homeostasis by interfering with protein folding processes. Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) coordinates the rapid and extensive cellular response to maintain proteomic balance facing the challenges from many environmental stressors. Thus, we suspect that HSF1 may shield cells from cadmium toxicity by conserving proteome integrity. RESULTS: Here, we demonstrate that cadmium, a highly poisonous metal, induces aggregation of cytosolic proteins in human cells, which disrupts protein homeostasis and activates HSF1. Cadmium exposure increases HSF1's phosphorylation, nuclear translocation and DNA bindings. Aside from this, HSF1 goes through liquid-liquid phase separation to form small nuclear condensates upon cadmium exposure. A specific regulatory domain of HSF1 is critical for HSF1's phase separation capability. Most importantly, human cells with impaired HSF1 are sensitized to cadmium, however, cells with overexpressed HSF1 are protected from cadmium toxicity. Overexpression of HSF1 in human cells reduces protein aggregates, amyloid fibrils and DNA damages to antagonize cadmium toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: HSF1 protects cells from cadmium toxicity by governing the integrity of both proteome and genome. Similar mechanisms may enable HSF1 to alleviate cellular toxicity caused by other heavy metals. HSF1's role in cadmium exposure may provide important insights into the toxic effects of heavy metals on human cells and body organs, allowing us to better manage heavy metal poisoning.

Four levels of in-sensor computing in bionic olfaction: from discrete components to multi-modal integrations.

Sensing and computing are two important ways in which humans attempt to perceive and understand the analog world through digital devices. Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) discretize analog signals while the data bus transmits digital data between the components of a computer. With the increase in sensor nodes and the application of deep neural networks, the energy and time consumption limit the increment of data throughput. In-sensor computing is a computing paradigm that integrates sensing, storage, and processing in one device without ADCs and data transfer. According to the integration degree, herein, we summarize four levels of in-sensor computing in the field of artificial olfactory. In the first level, we show that different functions are conducted by using discrete components. Next, the data conversion and transfer are exempt within the in-memory computing architecture with necessary data encoding. Subsequently, in-sensor computing is integrated into a single device. Finally, multi-modal in-sensor computing is proposed to improve the quality and reliability of the classification results. At the end of this minireview, we provide an outlook on the use of metal nanoparticle devices to achieve such in-sensor computing for bionic olfaction.

Degradation performance of methylene blue in metal nanoparticle modified 3D mesoporous wood microchannels.

Wood has a rich three-dimensional pore structure and many bottom-up nanochannels. However, the structure of wood itself has limited ability to adsorb dyes, so the effective combination of the unique structure of wood and Pd NPs was studied to achieve efficient degradation of dyes. First, the three-dimensional structure of natural wood is optimized by combining the complex pore structure of wood with Pd NPs to improve the contact process between the dye and Pd NPs. Then, Pd (II) ion can be well reduced to Pd NPs by wood lignin. In addition, Pd NPs can be fixed by hydroxyl groups on cellulose in wood. The flow state inside Pd NPs/wood film and the contact area between catalyst and dye were discussed in detail by hydrodynamic simulation, which filled the gap. It provides reference for composite structure. When Pd NPs/wood membrane was used to treat methylene blue (MB), the degradation efficiency was up to 96.7%, which was 90% higher than that of natural wood. Its TOF value was 1.82 molMB molPd-1min-1, which was higher than that in the previous literature. Therefore, the novelty of this study is that the mechanism of catalytic degradation of MB by Pd nanoparticles/wood composites is reported for the first time. The internal flow mode and contact condition of the new material are understood, which has a good application prospect.

The circular argument relationship between mindfulness and mobile phone addiction: evidence based on the diary method.

The link between civilization and technology has long been a hotspot of research around the world. Mobile phone addiction has become a common social phenomenon with advances in society and technology, wreaking havoc on people's emotional health, physical fitness, and personal connections. Considering the positive effects of mindfulness, this study used the diary method to explore the relationship between mindfulness and mobile phone addiction based on the mindfulness reperceiving model. We conducted a 14-day diary study among 198 Chinese youth participants. The results showed that there was a circular argument relationship between mindfulness and mobile phone addiction: mindfulness of the previous day could significantly negatively predict mobile phone addiction of the following day, and vice versa. These results, based on the mindfulness reperceiving model, effectively extend theories and profoundly reveal the circular argument relationship between mindfulness and mobile phone addiction. Besides, it also provides new thought for the mechanism of the interrelationship between mindfulness and mobile phone addiction, as an important theoretical support for the intervention of mobile phone addiction from the perspective of mindfulness.

Characterization of multivalent complexes formed in the presence of more than one conventional antibody to terminal complement component C5.

This study sought to understand the nature of the immune complexes that could be formed when a patient is exposed simultaneously to two different anti-complement component 5 (C5) antibodies, such as in patients converting from one bivalent, noncompetitive, C5-binding monoclonal antibody to another. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) in combination with multiangle light scattering was used to assess the potential formation of multivalent complexes among eculizumab, C5, and each of two other anti-C5 bivalent antibodies, TPP-2799 or TP-3544, respectively having the same sequence as either crovalimab or pozelimab currently undergoing clinical trials. Each of these two antibodies bound C5 noncompetitively with eculizumab. In phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), C5-eculizumab in the absence of other antibodies measured <500 kDa; however, inclusion of other antibodies at levels ranging from equimolar and up to a fivefold excess over eculizumab and C5 yielded a series of complexes with some >1500 kDa in size, consistent with incorporation of multiple antibodies and C5 molecules. A similar pattern of complexes was also observed when fluorescently labeled eculizumab and either of the other two antibodies were spiked into human plasma, based on SEC monitored by fluorescence detection. A detailed characterization of the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of such complexes is warranted, as is the incorporation of mitigation processes to avoid their formation in patients converting from one bivalent, noncompetitive, C5-binding monoclonal antibody to another.

Production of aromatic hydrocarbons from lignin derivatives by catalytic cracking over a SiO2-Al2O3 catalyst.

Catalytic cracking of phenolic compounds to aromatic hydrocarbons is vital to the utilization of lignin. In this work, pristine amorphous SiO2-Al2O3 was used as a catalyst to produce aromatic hydrocarbons from lignin-derived phenolics by catalytic cracking using methanol as the solvent. These catalysts were characterized by various techniques (XRD, NH3-TPD, Py-IR, etc.) and evaluated on a fixed bed reactor using guaiacol as a model compound. The effects of reaction temperature, the flow of carrier gas, the molar ratio of guaiacol to methanol, and WHSV were investigated. 33-SA (SiO2-Al2O3 with the SiO2 content of 33%) exhibited the best catalytic activity due to its high content of Lewis acid sites (168.47 µmol g-1). Co-feeding with methanol promoted the removal of oxygen atoms and improved the reaction system H/Ceff. Under the optimal conditions of 400 °C, 25 mL min-1 N2, a molar ratio of methanol to guaiacol of 25, and WHSV of 8/3 h-1, the yield of aromatic hydrocarbons reached 57.93%. The deactivating species in the transformation of guaiacol into aromatic hydrocarbons on catalysts were also studied.

Thermal responses of face-masked pedestrians during summer: An outdoor investigation under tree-shaded areas.

During the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic, most citizens were cooperative towards the face-masking policy; however, undeniably, face masking has increased complaints of thermal discomfort to varying degrees and resulted in potential health hazards during summer. Thus, a thermal comfort survey was conducted under tree-shaded areas generally preferred by pedestrians to explore the thermal response of face-masked pedestrians. Thirty-two subjects, with and without masks, participated in walking experiments, and their thermal parameters and physiological indicators were recorded; moreover, the subjects were asked to fill in subjective questionnaires. The results showed that although tree shades significantly reduced the average radiant temperature, dampness in the mask may cause some discomfort symptoms, among which intense sweating (54.55%) and tachycardia (42.18%) accounted for the largest proportion. Based on thermal indices, it could be concluded that face-masking does not significantly affect the thermal comfort of subjects walking in shaded areas. Notably, a 30-min walk in tree-shaded areas with face masking does not adversely affect human health or quality of life. Thus, the present assessment of the thermal safety of humans in shaded environments provides reference data for determining thermal comfort levels during outdoor walking with face masking.

An artificial synapse based on molecular junctions.

Shrinking the size of the electronic synapse to molecular length-scale, for example, an artificial synapse directly fabricated by using individual or monolayer molecules, is important for maximizing the integration density, reducing the energy consumption, and enabling functionalities not easily achieved by other synaptic materials. Here, we show that the conductance of the self-assembled peptide molecule monolayer could be dynamically modulated by placing electrical biases, enabling us to implement basic synaptic functions. Both short-term plasticity (e.g., paired-pulse facilitation) and long-term plasticity (e.g., spike-timing-dependent plasticity) are demonstrated in a single molecular synapse. The dynamic current response is due to a combination of both chemical gating and coordination effects between Ag+ and hosting groups within peptides which adjusts the electron hopping rate through the molecular junction. In the end, based on the nonlinearity and short-term synaptic characteristics, the molecular synapses are utilized as reservoirs for waveform recognition with 100% accuracy at a small mask length.

Chemical looping steam reforming of glycerol for hydrogen production over NiO-Fe2O3/Al2O3 oxygen carriers.

Fe-based oxygen carriers (OCs) are widely used in chemical looping steam reforming (CLSR) due to excellent resistance to carbon buildup, low toxicity, and high activity. In this study, a type of nano NiO-Fe2O3/Al2O3 Fe-based OC that can easily be reduced by fuels and re-oxidized by air was developed for use in glycerol CLSR. It was synthesized by co-precipitation and impregnation. Based on the quadratic regression orthogonal model, a quadratic polynomial function was established to investigate the effects of temperature (T), water/carbon ratio (S/C), and loading (M) on hydrogen content (HL) and hydrogen selectivity (S). The OCs were characterized by XRD, XPS, SEM/EDX-mapping, TEM, and H2-TPR to determine their physicochemical properties. XPS shows the Fe phase highly interacted with the Al2O3 supporting matrix by forming Fe aluminates in NiO-Fe2O3/Al2O3. The S (85.33%) and HL (78.41%) were obtained under the optimal conditions T = 600 °C, S/C = 1.0 mol mol-1 and M = 0. A hydrogen content fluctuation within 4% was obtained under T = 700 °C, S/C = 1.0 mol mol-1, and M = 2.5%, which means the cycle stability is perfect because of the addition of Ni. This study provides a basis for the development of efficient oxygen carriers in the CLSR system.

Field-Created Coordinate Cation Bridges Enable Conductance Modulation and Artificial Synapse within Metal Nanoparticles.

When metal nanoparticles are functionalized with charged ligands, the movement of counterions and conduction electrons is coupled, which enables us to develop electronic devices, including diodes, transistors, and logic gates, but dynamically modulating the conductivity of a synaptic device within these materials has proved challenging. Here we show that an artificial synapse can be created from thin films of functionalized metal nanoparticles using an active silver electrode. The electric-field-injected Ag+ coordinates with carboxyl ligands that sets up a conduction bridge to increase the nanoparticle conductivity by reducing the electron tunneling/hopping energy barriers. The dynamic modulation of conductivity allows us to implement several important synaptic functions such as potentiation/depression, paired-pulse facilitation, learning behaviors including short-term to long-term memory transition, self-learning, and massed leaning vs spaced learning. Finally, based on the nonvolatile characteristics, the metal nanoparticle synapse is used to build a single-layer hardware spiking neural network (SNN) for pattern recognition.

Zonal model for predicting contaminant distribution in stratum ventilated rooms.

Accurate prediction of the non-uniform contaminant distribution under stratum ventilation (SV) is crucial for optimal design for reducing contaminant exposure risks. Compared with experiments and computational fluid dynamics, zonal models are convenient to implement. This study proposes a zonal model for predicting dynamic non-uniform contaminant distribution in the stratum ventilated room. The zoning method is based on the unique airflow pattern under SV, and the room is divided into the jet zone, entrainment zone, and the mixing zone. The interzonal airflow rate is derived from the profile of the supply air jet. The results show that the proposed zonal model can predict the dynamic contaminant distribution in the stratum ventilated room. Compared with the experimental measurement, the predictions show good accuracy with the mean absolute error (MAE) at 0.51-2.36 ppm and root mean squared error (RMSE) at 0.64-2.53 ppm. The error of the proposed zonal model is influenced by the degree of mixing in each subzone. The proposed zonal model shows better accuracy for non-uniform air distribution under stratum ventilation compared with the existing zonal model.

Development, Characterization, and in vivo Validation of a Humanized C6 Monoclonal Antibody that Inhibits the Membrane Attack Complex.

Damage and disease of nerves activates the complement system. We demonstrated that activation of the terminal pathway of the complement system leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) and delays regeneration in the peripheral nervous system. Animals deficient in the complement component C6 showed improved recovery after neuronal trauma. Thus, inhibitors of the MAC might be of therapeutic use in neurological disease. Here, we describe the development, structure, mode of action, and properties of a novel therapeutic monoclonal antibody, CP010, against C6 that prevents formation of the MAC in vivo. The monoclonal antibody is humanized and specific for C6 and binds to an epitope in the FIM1-2 domain of human and primate C6 with sub-nanomolar affinity. Using biophysical and structural studies, we show that the anti-C6 antibody prevents the interaction between C6 and C5/C5b by blocking the C6 FIM1-2:C5 C345c axis. Systemic administration of the anti-C6 mAb caused complete depletion of free C6 in circulation in transgenic rats expressing human C6 and thereby inhibited MAC formation. The antibody prevented disease in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis and ameliorated relapse in chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in human C6 transgenic rats. CP010 is a promising complement C6 inhibitor that prevents MAC formation. Systemic administration of this C6 monoclonal antibody has therapeutic potential in the treatment of neuronal disease.

Investigation into the thermal comfort and physiological adaptability of outdoor physical training in college students.

Over the last few decades, increase in global temperatures have led to a deterioration in the quality of open spaces, urban vitality, and public health. Strenuous physical training under hot conditions outdoors increases the potential for developing heat illnesses. It is therefore necessary to examine the relationships between human physiological indices, psychological responses, and outdoor thermal indices to predict and evaluate human thermal safety in hot environments. A 9-day experiment was conducted in September 2019, which tested the thermal comfort and cognitive ability of 1102 students. Their physiological parameters (Heart rate, Auditory canal temperature) were recorded before and after physical training. Results showed that there were significant differences in the thermal sensation vote before and after physical training. The classification of heat stress was modified based on the MTSV regression model and PET. The maximum acceptable PET was 23.0 °C before physical training and 21.7 °C after physical training. When PET ≥ 40.1 °C, a reduction in physical training intensity is recommended. When PET ≥ 45.7 °C, cessation of physical training should take place and sun exposure should be reduced to avoid health hazards. It is important to use the auditory canal temperature instead of the core temperature to calculate the physiological strain index (PSI). More than 15% of the subjects had a PSI ≥ 7.0 during the test. When the body is in a thermally neutral state (MTSV = -0.5- 0.5), PSI ≤ 2.0. When the MTSV ≥3.2, PSI ≥ 7.0, physical training intensity should be reduced, and warning information should be provided. According to the expected distribution of physical training time and rest time, it is recommended that the time of each physical training session should be within 30 min, with a resting period of more than 30 min in hot environments.

Extraction kinetic model of polysaccharide fromCodonopsis pilosulaand the application of polysaccharide in wound healing.

The crude polysaccharide (CPNP) ofCodonopsis pilosulawas obtained by hot-water extraction technology. The extraction kinetic model established according to Fick's first law of diffusion and related parameters of polysaccharide was studied. CPNP microcapsules were prepared by blending with sodium alginate, Ca2+ions and crude CPNP. The quality control (drug loading rate, embedding rate and release rate, etc) of CPNP microcapsules were analyzed by pharmacopeas standards. The structure feature of CPNP microcapsules also were determined with various methods. The wound healing ability of CPNP microcapsules loading with different concentration of CPNP was evaluated using the rat wound model. The activity of various enzymes and the expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors in the model skin tissue also were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE), Masson, immunohistochemistry were used to investigate the external application effect of CPNP microcapsules on skin wound repair. The extraction kinetics of CPNP was established with the linear correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.83-0.93, implied that the extraction process was fitted well with the Fick's first law of diffusion. The CPNP has good compatibility with sodium alginate and Ca2+ions by SEM and TEM observation, and the particle size of CPNP microcapsules was 21.25 ± 2.84 µm with the good degradation rate, loading rate (61.59%) and encapsulation rate (55.99%), maximum swelling rate (397.380 ± 25.321%). Compared with control group, the redness, and swelling, bleeding, infection, and exudate of the damaged skin decreased significantly after CPNP microcapsules treatment, and the CPNP microcapsules groups exhibited good wound healing function with less inflammatory cell infiltration. The pathological structure showed that in the CPNP microcapsules group, more newborn capillaries, complete skin structure, and relatively tight and orderly arrangement of collagen fibers were observed in the skin of rats. CPNP microcapsules could effectively inhibit the high expression of pro-inflammatory factors in damaged skin, and significantly increase the contents of related enzymes (GSH-Px, T-AOC, LPO) and collagen fibers. The relative expression levels of genes (VEGF and miRNA21) in the CPNP microcapsules group were higher than those in the model group and the negative group. The above results suggested that the CPNP microcapsules could controlled-release the CPNP to the wound surface, and then played a better role in antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and skin wound repair.

Experimental investigation of standard effective temperature (SET*) adapted for human walking in an indoor and transitional thermal environment.

Thermal indices are widely used to predict the human body's thermal sensation indoors and outdoors, with standard effective temperature (SET*) being the most commonly used index. Although SET* has been well-proven in predicting indoor static thermal comfort, it has not yet proven its applicability in thermal comfort and dynamic condition assessments outdoors. Refers to verify the application of SET* in both an indoor and transitional space, experiments were conducted in the badminton hall of Guangzhou University (representing the indoor space) and the overhead floor of the experimental building of Guangzhou University (representing the transition space). Thirty healthy college students were first asked to walk for 20 min at four walking speeds and then to rest for 10 min. During the whole process, environmental parameters and the mean thermal sensation vote (MTSV) were recorded. Thereafter, the relationship between MTSV and the calculated SET* was established; notably, the applicability of the SET* prediction model in the transitional space was significantly better than that in the indoor space during walking. An improved SET* prediction model and the corresponding thermal stress categories are proposed to predict the dynamic thermal sensation, which is suitable for either walking indoors or in transitional spaces. From the linear regression equation in the improved model, it was obtained that the thermal comfort interval (MTSV falling within ±0.5) represented by α SET* is 24-37.5 °C. In addition, through Probit regression analysis, the thermal sensation level corresponding to the improved SET* (α SET*) was determined.